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1.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 66(12): 1625-1627, Dec. 2020.
Article in English | SES-SP, LILACS | ID: biblio-1143658

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is a polyuric and polydipsic syndrome and can have multiple causing factors. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 69-year-old woman with bipolar disorder medicated with lithium 400mg for 12 years on a daily basis. The patient was admitted, after psychiatric decompensation, with hypernatremia unresponsive to hypotonic iv fluids. The diagnosis of DI was made with high plasmatic osmolality measurement, low urine osmolality, and high levels of antidiuretic hormone. Full clinical recovery was possible with lithium suspension, hydration, and chlorthalidone. DISCUSSION: Although frequently used in the past, Lithium (Li) is nowadays rarely used in clinical practice for prolonged treatments because of its potentially devastating side effects. Clinicians must be aware of those side effects in order to prevent organ damage, mainly in patients with severe bipolar disease and precarious response to alternative treatments.


RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O diabetes insípido nefrogênico faz parte das síndromes poliúricas polidipsicas e pode ter múltiplos fatores causais. CASO CLÍNICO: Mulher de 69 anos, com doença bipolar medicada com lítio 400 mg por dia durante 12 anos. A doente foi internada, após descompensação da doença bipolar, por hipernatremia não responsiva a fluidoterapia hipotônica endovenosa. O diagnóstico de DI foi realizado com base na elevação da osmolaridade plasmática, baixa osmolaridade urinária e níveis elevados de hormona antidiurética. Verificou-se recuperação clínica completa com suspensão do lítio, hidratação e clorotalidona. DISCUSSÃO: Apesar do seu uso frequente no passado, o lítio (Li) é hoje em dia raramente utilizado na prática clínica por períodos prolongados pelos seus efeitos potencialmente devastadores. Os médicos devem ter em conta os potenciais efeitos secundários de forma a prevenir lesão de órgão em doentes com doença bipolar de difícil controle com outra terapêutica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/chemically induced , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Friends , Lithium/therapeutic use
2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 56(3): 153-158, Apr. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626265

ABSTRACT

Despite recent advances in pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders, lithium salts remain frequently used, as they are effective and inexpensive alternatives, especially in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Their use is commonly associated with various endocrine disorders, mainly in thyroid and parathyroid function, and in mineral metabolism. This article aims at reviewing these potential endocrinopathies related to the use of lithium to make health care professionals aware and familiar with these possible complications when they follow up patients using this drug, and to make them able to monitor, identify and institute early and appropriate treatment.


Apesar dos recentes avanços farmacológicos no tratamento dos transtornos psiquiátricos, os sais de lítio permanecem como uma alternativa eficaz e de menor custo, sendo usados com frequência principalmente no tratamento dos transtornos bipolares. O seu uso é comumente relacionado com diversas alterações endocrinológicas, principalmente nas funções tiroidiana, paratiroidiana e do metabolismo iônico. Este artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão dessas potenciais endocrinopatias relacionadas ao uso do lítio, para que, no seguimento de pacientes em uso dessa medicação, os profissionais de saúde estejam atentos e familiarizados com essas possíveis complicações, conseguindo identificar e instituir tratamento precocemente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endocrine System Diseases/chemically induced , Lithium Compounds/adverse effects , Parathyroid Glands/drug effects , Thyroid Gland/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/chemically induced , Mental Disorders/drug therapy
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 72(2): 171-175, abr. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-639671

ABSTRACT

Desde hace más de cuarenta años que el litio es usado para el tratamiento de la enfermedad bipolar; recientes estudios sugieren también su utilidad en el trastorno cognitivo mínimo tipo amnésico. El litio es filtrado en el glomérulo y un 65-75% del mismo es reabsorbido en el túbulo contorneado proximal y en el asa ascendente de Henle por el transportador Na+, K+, 2Cl- y vía paracelular. Una pequeña fracción del litio entra en las células principales del túbulo colector por medio del canal epitelial de sodio sensible al amiloride (ENaC) localizado en la membrana apical de la célula. Luego de 10- 20 años de tratamiento con litio los enfermos pueden desarrollar poliuria, acidosis tubular e insuficiencia renal crónica que puede terminar en una forma de diabetes que no responde a la arginina vasopresina llamada diabetes insípida nefrogénica. Se cree que estas fallas renales son consecuencias de una reducción en el número de moléculas de acuaporina 2 en la membrana apical. Las causas para esto son complejas. El litio es un poderoso inhibidor de la isoforma beta de la enzima glicógeno sintetasa quinasa y esto está asociado a una menor actividad de la adenilato ciclasa que lleva a una disminución en la concentración intracelular de cAMP. Esto finalmente interferiría con la síntesis de nuevas moléculas de acuaporina 2 y con el tráfico de ellas desde la zona subapical de la célula hacia la membrana celular, causando la disminución en la reabsorción de agua en la parte distal del nefrón.


For more than 40 years lithium has been used to treat bipolar disorder and recent trials suggest a potential efficacy also in the treatment of the amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Lithium is filtered by the glomerulus and 65% - 75% of the filtered amount is reabsorbed along the proximal tubule and in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by the Na+, K+, 2Cl- transporter and via paracellular. A small fraction of lithium is reabsorbed in the collecting duct's principal cells through the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) located on the apical side of the cells. Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis and chronic renal failure are the most frequent adverse effects of lithium after 10-20 years of treatment and these alterations can reach to a vasopressin nonresponding form of diabetes insipidus entity called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is believed that the molecular mechanisms of these renal changes are related to a reduction in the number of aquaporin-2 inserted in the apical membrane of the cells. The causes of this are complex. Lithium is a powerful inhibitor of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3β and this is associated with a lower activity of adenylate cyclase with a reduction in the cAMP levels inside of the cells. The latter may interfere with the synthesis of aquaporin-2 and also with the traffic of these molecules from the subapical site to membrane promoting the impairment of water reabsorption in the distal part of the kidney.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use , /physiology , Epithelial Sodium Channels/physiology , Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use , Antimanic Agents/adverse effects , Antimanic Agents/metabolism , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/chemically induced , Kidney Diseases/physiopathology , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Lithium Compounds/adverse effects , Lithium Compounds/metabolism , Lithium/adverse effects , Lithium/metabolism , Lithium/pharmacology
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